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  What it means

  Literally “roughly hewn.” Describes a blunt, unrefined person — someone who lacks social grace, speaks crudely, and has rough manners. Not necessarily an insult; can be said with affection.

  Vocabulary

  • grubo — roughly / coarsely
  • ciosany — hewn / chiselled (past participle of 'ciosać')

  Grammar note

  A participial phrase used as an adjective. 'Ciosany' agrees with the noun it describes.

  Cultural context

  The carpentry metaphor — a roughly hewn plank versus a finely finished one — captures the idea of an unpolished but solid character.

  Intermediate

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